20 Richest Female Rappers in the World
Who are the top 20 richest female rappers in the world?
Are you more of a fan of hip-hop genre music? Then, you are aware of the names of a huge number of male rappers ruling the hip-hop world. But what about the female rappers? Who are your favorites from them?
Despite being few in numbers, the international female rappers have made their own exceptional mark in the hip-hop culture, shone too brightly, and stood too tall along with the dominating male rappers.
Besides, some of them have also succeeded in making history as the wealthiest female rappers universally.
So, without further ado, let’s jump right into the article and check them out!!
20 Richest Female Rappers in the World
Here is the list of the 20 richest female rappers globally, as of 2024.
Mainly, their names and figures are compiled through various reliable sources such as Celebrity Net Worth.
| Richest Female Rappers | Net Worth |
| Roxanne Shante | $50 Thousand |
| Angel Haze | $50 Thousand |
| Foxy Brown | $1.8 Million |
| Young M.A. | $3 Million |
| Azealia Banks | $3 Million |
| Da Brat | $3 Million |
| Remy Ma | $4 Million |
| Iggy Azalea | $6 Million |
| Trina | $6 Million |
| MC Lyte | $8 Million |
| DJ Spindrella | $10 Million |
| Eve | $10 Million |
| M.I.A | $14 Million |
| Cheryl James, aka Salt | $14 Million |
| Sandra Denton, aka Pepa | $15 Million |
| Lil’ Kim | $18 Million |
| Cardi B | $40 Million |
| Missy Elliott | $50 Million |
| Queen Latifah | $70 Million |
| Nicki Minaj | $100 Million |
20. Roxanne Shante
Net Worth: $500 Thousand
On the top 20 richest female rappers globally, Lolita Shanté Gooden managed to add her name.
Lolita Shanté Gooden, renowned by her stage name Roxanne Shante is an American hip-hop rapper from New York City.
Similarly, her Bad Sister album ranked No. 52 in the Top R&B/ Hip- Hop Albums.
Also, Shante’s featured singles Loosey’s Rap ranked No. 1 in the US Hot R&B chart.
Moreover, she also gained popularity through the series Roxanne Wars.
Likewise, Roxanne Roxanne, a musical film, was produced about Shante’s life story in 2018.
As of 2024, Roxanne Shante has an estimated net worth of $500 thousand.
19. Angel Haze
Net Worth: $500 Thousand
On the top 20 richest female rappers in the world, Angel Haze managed to add her name in the rank of 19.
Angel Haze is a celebrated Michigan rapper and singer.
Besides, her mixtape Reservation was ranked the sixth-best mixtape by Mike Diver of the BBC in 2012.
Similarly, some of Angel’s notable albums include Dirty Gold and Back to the Woods.
Apart from her musical career, Haze was also the co-host of the 2015 reality-based TV series Catfish: The Tv Show.
Moreover, Angel was nominated for several titles throughout her career, such as Brand New for 2013 and Sound of 2013 by MTV and BBC, respectively.
As of 2024, Angel Haze has an estimated net worth of $500 thousand.
18. Foxy Brown
Net worth: $1.8 Million
With total assets of $1.8 million, Foxy Brown managed to add her name to the top 20 richest female rappers globally.
Inga DeCarlo Fung Marchand, professionally known as Foxy Brown, is one of the most renowned female rappers in hip-hop history from New York City.
Besides, Foxy was also a member of the hip-hop supergroup The Firm.
Likewise, some of her notable albums include III Na Na, Chyna Doll, and Broken Silence.
Primarily, the delightful rapper’s 1996 album, III Na Na, was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America.
Similarly, her first debut album grossed over 3 million copies globally.
Also, Brown’s 1999 album Chyna Doll ranked No. 1 on the Billboard 200 album charts with sales of 173,000 copies in the release week.
Then, she was noted as the second female rapper to achieve such massive success after the legendary all-time hip-hop artist Lauryn Hill.
Moreover, Brown worked with several marvelous rappers such as Jay- Z, Snoop Dogg, and Kid Capri.
17. Young M.A
Net Worth: $3 Million
Katorah Kasanova Marrero, professionally known as Young M.A, is an American songwriter, rapper, and entrepreneur.
Primarily, she gained popularity through her mega-hit single Ooouuu, which granted her quadruple-platinum.
Besides, the single was ranked in the Top 20 on Billboard Hot 100, grossing over 300 million views on the official music video.
Similarly, she was featured in international ad campaigns such as Pandora and Google Pixel 2, including numerous magazines.
Also, Young was nominated for Female Hip- Hop Artists of the year, including BET and MTV artists of the year, in 2017.
Likewise, M.A’s other notable works include Who Run It, I Get the Bag, Walk, and Herstory.
Apart from her journey as a rapper, M.A also debuted on various popular TV shows such as Wendy Williams Show, The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, Hip Hop Squares, and many more.
Moreover, she is also the founder of the KWEENZ foundation, a New York-based charity for families who lost their loved ones.
Thus, with total assets of $2 million, Young M.A is the 17th richest female rapper globally, as of 2024.
16. Azealia Banks
Net Worth: $3 Million
On the top 20 richest female rappers globally, Azelia Banks managed to add her name as the sixteenth richest one with total assets of $3 million, as of 2024.
Azelia Banks is a prominent American rapper, singer, songwriter, and actress.
In 2011, Banks gained massive popularity through her debut single 212.
Besides, her track 212 won her the title of Best Singles and Best Dance Anthem.
Likewise, Banks debut track, Herself, also won her the title of the Breaking Woodie.
Later, the MTV Woodie Awards honored her for that title.
Also, she collaborated with several renowned hip-hop artists such as Kanye West, RZA, and many more.
Beyond being a rapper, Banks also pursued her career in acting.
Some of her TV appearances include a documentary film, The American Ruling class, and a musical drama, Love Beats Rhymes.
Moreover, Banks signed a $1 million record deal with Entertainment One, a multinational entertainment company based in Canada, in 2018.
Furthermore, she is an entrepreneur of her online store, CheapyXO, selling her merchandise and original skin products.
15. Da Brat
Net Worth: $3 Million
Shawntae Harris, professionally known as Da Brat, is a celebrated rapper of the 70s from Chicago, US.
Besides, her debut album Funkdafield amassed Brat huge popularity.
Likewise, Brat was the first female solo rap artist to receive platinum by Funkdafield, which sold one million copies globally.
Similarly, her remix track Not Tonight peaked as a top ten hit on the Billboard Hot 100.
Also, Brat was a Grammy Awards nominee twice due to her single Got it Poppin and remix Not Tonight.
Moreover, she is renowned as a female Snoop Dogg through her splendid rap performances.
Furthermore, some of her notable works include Give It 2 You, Da Brat, Herself, and so on.
Beyond being a rapper, Brat is also an actress. She appeared in various TV series such as Kazaam, Glitter, Empire, and many more.
Hence, through her rapping and acting career, Da Brat has amassed a total net worth of $3 million as of 2024.
14. Remy Ma
Net Worth: $4 Million
Reminisce Smith, popular by her stage name Remy Ma is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, and actress.
Besides, her debut studio album There’s Something About Remy: Based on a True Story, with the duo Terror Squad ranked at No.33 in the Billboard 200 chart, making it a grand success.
Similarly, Remy’s other notable songs include Feels So Good, Whuteva, Conceited, and Ante Up remix.
Moreover, her duo performances Lean Back, and All the Way Up made her a three-time Grammy Awards nominee.
Also, she collaborated with several mega-hit hip-hop artists such as Chris Brown, Lil Kim, and French Montana.
Beyond being a rapper, Remy is also an actress.
Furthermore, Remy’s TV series debut includes The Wendy Williams Show, Queen of the South, Remy and Papoose: Meet the Mackies, and so on.
Hence, the dynamic rapper and actress with her total assets of $4 million has managed to become the 14th richest female rapper internationally.
13. Iggy Azalea
Net Worth: $6 Million
Amethyst Amelia Kelly, renowned by her stage name Iggy Azalea is an Australian rapper, singer, songwriter, and glamour model.
Firstly, Azalea came into the limelight when she released her singles Pussy and Two times on Youtube.
Besides, her 2014 debut studio album, The New Classic, topped the Billboard Top R&B/ Hip- Hop Albums Chart, making her first non- American female hip-hop artist achieve such grand success.
Similarly, Azalea was honored as the fourth solo female rapper to top Billboard Hot 100 charts with her fourth single Fancy from her hit debut album, The New Classic.
Likewise, her remix in Ariana Grande’s single Problem ranked No.2 on the Billboard Hot 100, making her the sole artist after the Beatles to top the chart simultaneously.
Mainly, Iggy is celebrated for her rich cinematic and sarcasm music video content. Some of her notable works include Clueless, Priscilla, Queen of the Desert, and Show Girls.
Also, the talented rap artist was four times a Grammy nominee, five times 2015 iHeartRadio Music Awards nominee, twelve times Billboard Music Awards nominee, and one of the 50 greatest Australian artists of all time as of Rolling Stones Australia.
Moreover, Iggy is a shareholder of popular American shoes and fashion accessories company Steve Madden Limited.
Furthermore, she debuted in several endorsements such as Forever 21’s 2014 holiday campaign, Levi’s Go Forth Campaign, and many others.
Apart from this, Iggy also appeared in Furious 7, one of the mega-hit series from Fast and Furious.
Hence, the most legendary and influential female rappers of all time with total assets of $6 million is the eleventh richest female rapper universally, as of 2024.
12. Trina
Net Worth: $6 Million
Katrina Laverne Taylor, celebrated by her stage name Trina is an American rapper, songwriter, and actress.
Primarily, her breakthrough started when she featured on Trick Daddy’s single Nan- Nigga.
According to XXL Magazine, Trina is the greatest consistent rapper of all time.
On September 23, 2005, her debut single Here We Go featuring Kelly Rowland, peaked successfully at several charts, such as No. 3 on Hot Rap Charts, No.8 on Hot R&B Charts, No. 17 on Hot 100 charts, and Top 20 singles globally.
In June 2006, the US certified her mega-hit single Here We Go with a Gold.
Likewise, Trina’s third studio album Glamorest Life peaked at No.11 on Billboard Hot 200 and No.2 on Top Rap Album charts.
Besides, Complex rated her single Pull Over at No.27 among Top 50 Best Rap Songs by Women in 2013.
Similarly, Trina was enlisted as one of the 31 female rappers who changed hip-hop by Billboard in 2014.
Moreover, the most influential female rapper of all time is also a two-time ASCAP award winner, BMI award winner, and one-time Billboard Music Award winner.
Apart from her career as a rapper, Trina also appeared in several films such as A Miami Tail, The Cookout, and The Cookout 2.
Also, she won a Golden Trailer Award for her appearance in the movie A Miami Tail.
Furthermore, Trina also debuted in various TV shows, which include Trina: The Making of a Diamond Princess, Hip- Hop Squares, and The Mane Event.
Hence, the multi-talented persona with her diverse professionalism has amassed total assets of $6 million, making her the twelfth richest female rapper in 2024.
11. MC Lyte
Net Worth: $8 Million
Among the top 20 richest female rappers globally, MC Lyte secured the eleventh position as of 2024.
Lana Michele Moorer, professionally known as MC Lyte, is a renowned rapper, entrepreneur, DJ, and actress from New York.
Besides, Lyte is celebrated as the pioneer of the female rapper in the world’s history. As, she debuted her full studio album, Lyte as a Rock, in 1998. Thereby, Lyte was the first solo female artist to make a revolution in the hip-hop industry.
Some of her hit singles include Cha Cha Cha, Paper Thin, Ruffneck, and 10% Dis. Later, these singles made her the first female rapper to ever receive Gold in the hip-hop era.
In 2013, Lyte won a Black Entertainment Television’s ” I am Hip-Hop” Icon Lifetime Achievement Award.
Apart from her rapping career, she is also an actress, voice-over artist, entrepreneur, and charity founder.
While talking about her acting career, Lyte appeared in various series such as Tales, S.W.A.T, In the House, and many more.
In 1996, she started her voice-over career with several brands such as Starz Network, The National League, AT & T, Diva Starz, and so on.
As a DJ, Lyte created the music for Google, Nissan, The Image Awards, and many others.
Furthermore, she is the founder of Sunni Gyrl Inc, an American entertainment management service.
Also, Lyte sells a mixture of vintage and new accessories like belts, glasses, and many others on her Los Angeles-based boutique Shaitel.
Hence, MC Lyte has an estimated net worth of $8 million as of [current year] through all these splendid careers.
10. DJ Spindrella
Net Worth: $10 Million
Among the top 20 richest female rappers globally, DJ Spindrella managed to add her name at tenth place, as of 2024.
Deidra Muriel Roper, renowned by her stage name Spindrella is an American rapper and a former DJ from the celebrated hip-hop group Salt- N- Pepa.
During her Salt- N- Pepa journey, she debuted several hit singles, including Shoop, Push It, and Whatta Man.
Later, these singles won the band Gold and Platinum certifications.
Besides, Spindrella also created the music for The Comedy Central Roast of Flavor Flav in 2007.
Also, she remixed the notable rapper Big Daddy Kane’s Top 40 Hit Single Very Special.
Apart from her music career, Spindrella co-hosted the nationally syndicated weekly radio show BlackSpin.
Moreover, she also appeared in the fantasy comedy movies Stay Tuned and Kazaam.
Hence, the alluring hip-hop artist DJ Spindrella has amassed total assets of $10 million as of 2024.
9. Eve
Net Worth: $10 Million
Eve Jihan Cooper, professionally known as Eve, is an American actress, television host, and the former rapper of the renowned band Salt-N-Pepa.
Besides, her first 1999 debut album, Let There Be Eve…Ruff Ryder’s First Lady peaked at No.1 on the Billboard 200. Thereby making her the third female rapper to achieve such triumph.
Similarly, Eve’s hit singles include What Ya Mind, Who’s that Girl, and Satisfaction.
Likewise, her music collaborations like Rich Girl, You Got Me, and Hot Boyz also increased internationally.
In 2003, Eve’s Let Me Blow Ya Mind (ft. Gwen Stefani) won her a Grammy Award for the Best Rap/ Song Collaboration.
Moreover, the illustrious rapper is also a BET Award, MTV Video Music Award, Teen Choice Award, and two times Daytime Emmy Award nominee.
Also, she was entitled as the 30 Greatest Female Rappers by Spin in 2020.
Apart from her musical career, Eve is celebrated as an actress in comedy-based movies, including Barbershop, Barbershop 2: Back in Business, and UPN television series Eve as Shelley Williams.
Furthermore, she co-hosted the CBS Daytime Talk Show The Talk.
From 2003 to 2009, Eve was also the owner of her prime clothing brand Fetish.
Hence, the phenomenal female rapper ever in history has amassed total assets of $10 million, making her the ninth richest female rapper, as of 2024.
8. M.I.A
Net Worth: $14 Million
Mathangi Arulpragasam, popular by her stage name M.I.A is a celebrated rapper, record producer, and activist from London.
Besides, her songs are poignant with philosophical and political remarks.
Also, M.I.A’s music is combined with extensive instrumental samples ranging from alternative, dance, hip-hop, and electronic to world music.
Primarily, her breakthrough started from her 2004 singles Sunshowers and Galang.
Likewise, M.I.A’s other single Paper Planes peaked at No.4 on the Billboard Hot 100, grossing over 400 million sales in the US.
Moreover, her 2010 third studio album Maya reached the Top 10 chart on several charts internationally.
Furthermore, M.I.A’s featured single Franchise with Travis Scott and Young Thug topped the Billboard Hot 100.
Throughout her musical career, M.I.A received two MTV Music Video Awards, two ASCAP (American Society of Composers and Musicians) Awards, and nominations for the Oscars and Grammy Awards.
Indeed, she was the first South- Asian descent artist ever to receive Grammy Awards and Oscars nominations.
Additionally, in the 2019 Queen Birthday Honours, Queen Elizabeth honored M.I.A with The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (MBE) title due to her epic revolutionary and philosophical musical grant ever in the world’s history.
Hence, the most sophisticated and philanthropic female rapper M.I.A has amassed total assets of $14 million, making her the sixth richest female rappers, as of 2024.
7. Cheryl James Aka Salt
Net worth: $14 Million
Cheryl Reene James, professionally known as Salt, is an American former rapper and songwriter from the renowned hip-hop trio band Salt-N-Pepa.
Some of the hit singles of the group are Whatta Man, Shoop, and Push It.
Likewise, Hot, Cool and Vicious, A Salt with a Deadly Pepa, Black Magic, Very Necessary, and Brand New are Salt’s five greatest hit albums with the duo of Salt-N-Pepa.
Later, these albums won the band several titles, which include gold, platinum, and multi-platinum.
Similarly, Salt appeared in the reality TV series Salt-N-Pepa Show on the VH1 network in 2008.
On September 22, 2005, the trio performed their Grammy nominating single Whatta Man on the second Hip Hop Honors.
Moreover, Salt also debuted the song Stomp with gospel artists Kirk Franklin and God’s Property for the album God’s Property in 1997.
Later, the album was the best-selling album ever in gospel music history.
Hence, with total assets of $14 million, the lively hip-hop star Salt managed to evolve as the seventh richest female rapper universally, as of 2024.
6. Sandra Denton Aka Pepa
Net Worth: $15 Million
Sandra Jacqueline Denton, popular by her stage name Pepa is one of the former rappers of Salt-N-Pepa and an actress from Jamaica.
Besides, some of the hit albums from her notable band Salt-N-Pepa include Very Necessary, Black Magic, and Brand New.
In 2008, Pepa also starred in The Salt-N-Pepa Show, which aired on the VH1 network.
Likewise, Pepa with her group received a Grammy nomination, including various certifications such as gold, platinum, and multi-platinum for their astounding music.
Apart from her career as a rapper, Pepa also appeared in several movies such as Joe’s Apartment, Book of Love, First Time Felon, and so on.
Similarly, she also debuted in numerous fictional TV series, including Oz, Happily Ever After Fairy Tales for Every Child, and many others.
Mainly, Pepa is celebrated for her performance in Vh1’s hit show The Surreal Life Games, The Surreal Life Season 5, and Growing Up Hip-Hop.
Thus, the stunning multi-diverse artist Pepa with her total assets of $15 million, managed to dominate the world as the sixth richest female rapper, as of 2024.
5. Lil’ Kim
Net Worth: $18 Million
Kimberly Denise Jones, popular by her stage name Lil’ Kim, is a celebrated American rapper, model, actress, and reality television star from New York.
Besides, Get Money and Players Anthem are the top two singles from her debut studio album Conspiracy with American hip-hop group Junior M.A.F.I.A.
Later, The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified these greatest singles with gold.
In 1996, Kim’s studio album Hardcore led to three successful singles, No Time, Crush on You, and Not Tonight (Ladies Night). Similarly, Hardcore won Kim double platinum.
Likewise, her feature album Lady Marmalade with Christina Aguilera, Mya, and Pink topped the Billboard Hot 100.
Similarly, Kim’s other notable albums include The Notorious K.I.M and La Bella Mafia.
In 2012, Lil’ Kim ranked No.45 among VH1’s 100 Greatest Women in Music list.
Beyond being a superb rapper, Kim is also an actress, a fashion icon, and a model.
Hence, Lil’ Kim’s spectacular hip-hop persona has amassed a total net worth of $18 million, securing her the title of fifth richest rapper globally, as of 2024.
4. Cardi B
Net Worth: $ 40 Million
On the fourth position of the world’s 20 richest female rapper universally comes none other than the mega-famous rapper Cardi-B.
Cardi- B is a fabulous American rapper and songwriter.
Primarily, her breakthrough began when she released her 2018 debut studio album Invasion of Privacy with the Atlantic Records.
Besides, the album topped the Billboard 200 and won her triple platinum.
Similarly, the album also won her a Grammy Award for Best Rap Album as a solo artist, including making it the best-selling female rap album of 2010 and Spotify’s most-streamed rap album.
Later, Cardi dropped a hit single Bodak Yellow which got a diamond certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).
Likewise, her other greatest songs include I Like It and Girls Like You (ft. Maroon 5).
Cardi B won several titles throughout her musical career which include the highest certified female rapper of all time, the female rapper with the most Billboard Hot 100 No.1 singles, and the female rapper with billion streamers on Spotify many more.
Moreover, Cardi’s accolades include a Grammy Award, two ASCAP Songwriters of the Year, eight Billboard Music Awards, and many others.
Apart from her career as a rapper, Cardi B is also a business associate with Reebook.
In 2000 and 2001, she released her personally inspired footwear and apparel collections, including sneakers, corsets, and tracksuits with the Reebook.
Furthermore, Cardi also owns the snack brand Rap Snacks with her husband Offset, where they retail two flavors of chips and popcorn. Also, the bag’s cover is inspired by her hit album Invasion of Privacy.
Hence, Cardi B has total assets of $40 million, as of 2024.
3. Missy Elliott
Net Worth: $50 Million
With an estimated net worth of $50 million, Missy Elliott managed to become the third richest female rapper internationally.
Melissa Arnette Elliott, popular by her stage name Missy Elliot is a renowned American rapper, songwriter, and philanthropist.
Besides, her breakthrough started with her first debut studio album Supa Dupa Fly.
Later, the album ranked at No.3 on the Billboard 200, making her the highest-charting female rapper of that time.
Also, Elliott’s single Sock It 2 Me from the album Supa Dupa Fly secured itself as a Top 20 singles.
Similarly, Hot Boyz, Get Ur Freak On, One Minute Man, 4 My People, and Gossip Folks are some of her notable singles.
Likewise, her hit single Work It won her a Grammy Award for the Best Female Rap Solo Performance.
Elliott won several titles throughout her rapping journey which includes four-time Grammy Awards winner, Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award winner, No. 5 greatest music video artist of all time, and many others.
Moreover, her 2019 first extended play, Iconology, inducted her to Songwriters Hall of Fame, making her the first female rapper to achieve so.
According to 2017, Elliott is the best-selling female hip-hop artist in Neilsen’s music history, grossing over 30 million record sales in the US.
Apart from her rapping career, she also appeared in several films such as Fade Black, Just for Kicks, and Cindrella’s upcoming movie featuring the iconic pop star Camilla Cabello.
The goddess of rap also aided the MAC AIDS Fund by promoting the MAC cosmetics Viva Glam Campaign in 2004.
2. Queen Latifah
Net Worth: $70 Million
With an estimated net worth of $70 million, Queen Latifah secured herself the title of the second richest female rapper globally, as of 2024.
Dana Elaine Owens, celebrated by her stage name Queen Latifah is the late 80s most renowned rapper, songwriter, talk show host, and actress from New Jersey.
Besides, her breakthrough started with her 1989 debut album All Hail the Queen’s hit single Ladies First.
Likewise, Latifah’s feministic third studio album Black Reign won her a Grammy Award and peaked at No.23 on the Billboard Hot 100.
Apart from her career as a rapper, Latifah is a phenomenal actress.
As an actress, she appeared in several movies, including 21 Jump Street, Set It Off, Chicago, and many more.
With her role as Bessie Smith in the 2015 HBO film Bessie, she won a Primetime Award for Outstanding Television Movie.
Moreover, Latifah also debuted as a voice actor for the mega-hit movie Ice Age.
Furthermore, she hosted her daytime talk show, The Queen Latifah Show, on an American commercial broadcast on CBS from late 2013 to early 2015.
1. Nicki Minaj
Net Worth: $100 Million
And finally, the multi-millionaire Nicki Minaj with an estimated net worth of $100 million, succeeded in becoming the first wealthiest female rapper of all time, as of 2024.
Nicki Minaj is a Trinidadian-born rapper and songwriter celebrated for her versatile raps and speedy rap flows.
Besides, her breakthrough started with her 2010 debut studio album, Pink Friday.
Later, the album topped Billboard 200 chart, winning her a triple-platinum from the Recording Industry Association of America.
Likewise, her hit songs include Anaconda, Say So (ft. Doja Cat), Trollz (ft. 6ix9ine), and Tusa (ft. Karol G).
Similarly, Minaj’s notable mixtapes include Playtime is Over, Sucka Free, and Beam Up Scooty.
Throughout her career as a rapper, Minaj won her numerous accolades, including twelve BET Awards, four Billboard Music Awards, eight American Music Awards, and many more.
With 100 million record sales internationally, Nicki is one of the best-selling female artists of all time.
After Taylor Swift, Minaj is the second female artist to peak mostly at Billboard Hot 100.
Apart from her career as a rapper, she also debuted as the supporting role in the comedy movies Barbershop: The Next Cut and The Other Woman.
Furthermore, the polished hip hop icon Nicki Minaj also did voiceovers in the popular animated movies The Ice Age: Continental Drift and The Angry Birds Movie 2.
